We presented the Slavs and Slavic place names in the first four books of Thietmar’s Chronicle here. We now continue with Book V (translation is David Warner’s).
Chapter 7 [year 1002]
“…The course of Ekkehard’s life loas so worthy that his lord allowed him to hold the greater part of his benefice as personal property. He forced the free-born Milzeni under the yoke of servitude. With flattery and threats, he won Duke Boleslav [III] of Bohemia, called the ‘Red”, for his military service and turned the other Boleslav [Chrobry of Poland] into a personal ally. He acquired the office of duke over all of Thuringia by the election of the whole populace. With only a few exceptions, he reckoned on the support of the eastern counts and therefore of the duchy. All of this came to such a miserable end.”
Chapter 9 [1002]
“Meanwhile, Boleslav [Chrobry of Poland] , a son far inferior to his father Miesco, rejoiced over the death of Margrave Ekkehard. Shortly after this, he assembled an army and seized Margrave Gero’s march as far as the river Elbe. Then, with siege troops sent ahead, he captured the burg Bautzen [Budisin], with all its possessions,and immediately thereafter attacked Strehla. Secretly, he also tried to bribe the residents of Meissen who were always happy for something new. One day, when they realized that most of the garrison had left to find fodder for the horses, Duke Gunzelin of Kuchenburg led them in an assault on the east door, in that part of the city inhabited by ministeriales known in Slavic as Withasen [witeź].”
“After killing Bezeko, one of Count Herman’s ministeriales, they took up arms and met at the count’s chamber where they threw large rocks at the window and loudly demanded that Ozer, the lord of the city, be handed over to them for execution. But the miles Thietmar, having no other protection that the room itself, asked them: ‘Why are you doing this? What madness so seduced you that, forgetful of the benefits bestowed by Margrave Ekkehard and your willing invitation, you rise up to destroy his son? If you wish to reveal the reason for such an outrage, either publicly or secretly to one of us, on behalf of my lords and all of us, I firmly promise you an agreeable settlement of the offence and security regarding your future concerns. As for the man you seek to have handed over, namely so that he can be killed, you will not received him as long as we are living. We are few and you should know for certain that we will either die together or leave this city unharmed.’ After they had heard this and consulted among themselves, the attackers granted the garrison freedom to leave. Then, they sent messengers to summon Duke Boleslav and received him with open doors. Hence, the words of the scriptures were fulfilled: ‘They may rejoice when they act wickedly, and exult in evil things and again. Their beginnings are as honey and their end as absinthe.'”
Chapter 10 [1002]
“Elated by this success, Boleslav occupied the entire region up to the Elster and secured it with a garrison. Then, when our people gathered together to resist him, that deceitful man sent a messenger who announced to them that these things had been done with the favour and permission of Duke Henry. He added that Boleslav would in no way injure the inhabitants and, if Henry came to power in the realm, he would assen to his will in all things, but if otherwise, he would willingly do whatever pleased them,. Considering this, our people believed the beautiful words and shamefully advanced to him as if to their lord, thereby exchanging their inborn honour for supplication and unjust servitude. Hoe unequally are our ancestors and our contemporaries compared! In the days of the illustrious Hodo, this man’s father Miesco, would not have dared to wear furs when entering a house in which he knew him to be or to sit while he was standing. May God forgive the emperor for making a lord out of a tributary and raising him to the point that, forgetful of his father’s customs, he might dare to gradually drag his superiors into subjection and seize those caught with the shameful hook of temporal wealth to the detriment of both slaves and free.”
Chapter 11 [1002]
“Also the other Boleslav [III], the Bohemian ruler nicknamed ‘the Red’ and generally a source of the worst impiety, departed from his usual custom and supported Duke Henry…”
Chapter 15 [1002]
“From there [Thuringia], Henry went to Merseburg where he was received by Abbot Heimo and by his faithful count Esiko [24 July]. Esiko had manfully held this city along with Allstedt, Dornburg and all their possessions until his lord arrived, though this had greatly angered Ekkehard while he lived. Here also were Archbishop Liawizo of Bremen and Giselher of Magdeburg with other colleagues: Rethar of Paderborn, Bernward of Hildesheim, Arnulf of Halberstadt, Ramward of Minden, Eid of Meissen, Bernhar of Verden, Hugh [II] of Zeitz. Also present were dukes Bernhard and Boleslav with the margraves Liuthar and Gero and the count palatine Frederick. Many others were also there, both bishops and counts, but it would take too long to give their names individually. All of these received the king with humble devotion.”
Chapter 18 [1002]
“Except for Liudger, everyone who had served the previous emperor offered his hand to the king and swore to aid him faithfully. Meanwhile, Boleslav schemed to acquire the burg Meissen at whatever cost. Because it was not advantageous to the realm, he got nowhere with the king and only barely succeeded in securing it for his brother-in-law Gunzelin. He himself received the regions of Lausitz and the Milzeni. Margrave Henry, my cousin, held Boleslav in great esteem and aided him freely and amicably in whatever way he could. As he prepared to escort Boleslav, departing well rewarded and with the king’s permission, he saw an armed multitude gathering and moving to attack them. May God be my witness, this was without the involvement or knowledge of the king! When he wanted to discover the cause of this great tumult, and resolve it so that more damage might not arise, he was barely able to get away and lead his companion out by breaking the exterior door. Out of his entourage, some warriors were plundered by the surging mob while others though severely wounded escaped death with the help of Duke Bernhard. Because they had entered the royal court armed and refused to leave when ordered, the penalty they paid was justified by their own offense. Boleslav saw this as part of an evil plot and, deeply disturbed, blamed the king although unjustly. After bidding farewell to Henry and firmly promising his aid, should it ever be required, he quickly returned to his own lands. When he arrived at the city of Strehla, he immediately set fire to it and abducted a large part of the populace. At the same time, he sent back representatives through whom he tried to attract as many of the king’s supporters as possible. Soon afterwards, when this came to the king’s ears, he asked his dependents to inquire about the secret plots of the Slav and, if possible, to capture his spies.”
Chapter 23 [1002]
“Meanwhile, because the power of a consort and successor always inspires fear, the duke of the Bohemians, Boleslav [III], castrated his brother Jaromir and wanted to suffocate the younger brother in his bath. Then he sent both brothers and their mother into exile. Then, ruling alone like the noxious basilisk, he oppressed the people unspeakably. When they could no longer bear the weight of this outrage, they secretly called Wlodowej [Duke of Bohemia 1002 – 1003] from Poland, whose name means power of the army. He was a poisonous snake who treated his people without any respect for the law. After Boleslav the basilisk had been deposed, this one was unanimously elected in his place because of his consanguinity and because of the people’s affection. I can say one thing about him that is incredible and not to be copied by any Christian, namely that he could not endure even one hour without drink. As this was the only path of escape open to him, Boleslav fled to Margrave Henry, then his neighbor, who seized him as an enemy because of past injuries. Afterwards, because he had arrived as a guest, he was set free and, being fond of his life, he went to the like-named son of his aunt who was his equal in shamefulness though unequal in ability. Inclined to better advice, the other one went to the king, then residing oat Regensburg, and recognized him as his lord with humble subjection and the promise of loyalty. He received what he sought from him as a benefice and, after being treated warmly in all matters, returned in peace.”
Chapter 24 [1002]
“…In the expectation of receiving the abundant support promised by the Italians, the king sent Duke Otto of Carinthia and Verona, Otto the son of Count Heribert, Ernst the son of Margrave Leopold, and a few others to resolve the situation [December 1002 to beginning of January 1003].”
Chapter 29 [1003]
“Meanwhile Duke Wlodowej died and the brothers who had been expelled along with their mother were recalled by the repentant Bohemians. But Boleslav, the ruler of the Poles, collected an army and expelled them again. He then restored his exiled namesake to his previous dignity and went home, with his plots deeply concealed. He knew that his cousin would be too vindictive towards those who had supported his expulsion and hoped that at a more auspicious moment he might himself intervene. And so it actually happened. When Boleslav [III] of Bohemia perceived that his people dedicated themselves to paganism in all security, his own impiety was fortified for breaking the peace treaty which he had confirmed by oath. Thus, when all the great men had been assembled before him in one house, he himself killed his brother in law by striking him in the head with a sword and then, with his evil supporters, this bloody and deceitful man who was unworthy of half the days conceded to him, killed the others although they were unarmed and it was the holy season of Lent.”
Chapter 30 [1003]
“The rest of the people, in great fear because of this, secretly sent representatives to Boleslav of Poland who revealed the magnitude of the shameful deed and asked him to rescue them from fear of the future. He heard these things with pleasure and immediately asked the other Boleslav, through a faithful representative, to come to him at a certain citadel for a personal discussion regarding matters of mutual interest. The younger Boleslav agreed to this, came to the agreed-upon place, and was affectionately received by him. The following night he was blinded by the other’s henchmen thereby ensuring that hew would never treat his people in that manner again or even be able to rule there. He was also sent into a long exile. On the following day, the elder Boleslav travelled quickly to Prague where he was introduced and unanimously acclaimed as lord by the inhabitants who were always happy to have a new ruler. As his world power increased, his willfulness became much greater than is normal in a restrained mind. Note this well, dear reader: he who becomes too proud in prosperity will often be brought lower in adversity. It is affirmed by scripture that a wise man does not do this.”
Chapter 31 [1003]
“The king learned all of these things from hearsay, and accepted them with the due seriousness of a patient mind. At least, he imputed to his sins whatever misfortune occurred in the kingdom in his time. Therefore, as seemed most opportune to him, he ignored everything that had happened to the Bohemians, and sent representatives to Boleslav with the following demand: if he wished to retain the land he had recently occupied, by the king’s grace, as the ancient law requires, and serve him in all things faithfully, the king would agree to his requests. If otherwise, he would oppose him with arms. Boleslav received this legation unworthily, though it was just and well composed, and therefore deservedly brought revenge on himself in the future. When the Lenten fast was finished, as I have mentioned, the king followed the custom of his predecessors by celebrating Easter, in an appropriate manner, at Quedlinburg [28 March]. There, as befits such a great feast, he ignored both Boleslav‘s evil presumption and Henry’s ambitions and enjoyed the company of his familiars. On the same occasion, the king bestowed royal gifts on Dukes Otto and Ernst, recently returned after their disastrous defeat, and consoled them with fatherly encouragement. He also received representatives of the Redarii and the people known as the Liutizi and, claiming these rebels with the sweetness of gifts and the joy of promises, turned them from enemies into friends.”*
* Warner’s note: this refers to “Henry II’s controversial decision to form an alliance against Boleslav Chrobry with the pagan confederation of the Liutizi.”
Chapter 32 [1003]
“After this, the king celebrated the Rogation days, which should be observed by all the faithful of Christ, at Merseburg [3-5 May]. There he learned of the open rebellion of Duke Boleslav and Margrave Henry. Then he celebrated the feast of Pentecost at Halberstadt [16 May]. After this, he travelled to Bavaria where he initially tried to defeat Henry, who was offering resistance with the help of Boleslav but afterwards concentrated on quashing conspiracies instigated elsewhere. In this regard, he learned that Ernst whom he had recently honoured and Bruno [Henry II’s brother, later the bishop of Augsburg] , his own brother, had also joined the conspiracy. They were heedless of what has been written: ‘Virtue lacking council fails of its own weight.’ To restrain their arrogance, the king gathered his supporters from all sides and, at the beginning of August, wasted the lands of Margrave Henry, thereby forcing him to abandon his residence and hide wherever he could. Anyone aware of the cause of the margrave’s stubbornness would say that his actions were necessary: the higher powers may not withdraw something firmly promised to a faithful servant without alienating the devotion of others, Tho those, I respond, every dominion in this world derives from God and whoever rises against it offends the divine majesty. One must weather the sudden burst of injustice with the rudder of patience and, with humble supplication await a consolation which will be truly useful. I think it better to ascend the heights gradually rather than incur a sudden and insurmountable ruin. I admit that I would defend my cousin in some other way, if I did not fear to violate that truth which must be honoured by all faithful people.”
Chapter 33 [1003]
“In many ways, the proverbs of the ancients have been confirmed: the old crimes of humankind bring forth new acts of evil and shame. For Margrave Henry’s father had often opposed the father of the king, as if an enemy rather than one of his milites, and himself admitted that he had supported the emperor’s side because of a boon promised under oath. In similar fashion, Margrave Henry had been faithful to Otto III until the latter’s death and serve King Henry strenuously up to this unhappy time. The king was still intensely aware of their fathers’ rivalry, but I believe that the love of Christ would have moved him to let it go entirely unpunished, if only he had not seen Margrave Henry in the company of his other enemies, opposing him so cruelly and openly. Although Margrave Henry alone might appear guilty in this crime, it was not undertaken without the advice of others from the very beginning. Because betrayal is deemed particularly shameful in this world, however, he preferred to pursue the matter, with his conscience groaning, rather than increase his own blame by endangering others. Thus, he who once zealously defended the realm from the enemy now opened it to pillaging. He secretly received aid from Boleslav though it did him no good.”
Chapter 34 [1003]
“When the king was traveling to a place called Hersbuck, the royal treasure, having been sent ahead, was seized by the margrave’s miles Maganus and his band. Dividing the booty among themselves, they returned happily to the burg at Ammerthal. The king followed and, after preparing for a siege, forced them to ask only for their lives., through intercessors, and to return both the burg and booty. Then, after the burg had been virtually destroyed and the many Poles divided among his men, he set forth for the castle at Creussen where Margrave Henry’s brother, Bukko, was supposed to be guarding the Margrave’s wife, Gerberga, and his children. From outside, Margrave Henry and his supporters fought the army which had surrounded the burg on all sides…”
Chapter 36 [1003]
“Meanwhile, as the king was besieging Margrave Henry’s burg at Creussen, Boleslav was straining with every effort to injure him in some way. Secretly collecting an army, he sent representatives to demand that his brother-in-law, Gunzelin, surrender the burg of Meissen into his power and renew their old alliance as he had promised. Gunzelin knew, however, that with Boleslav’s entry he would virtually be excluded from the king’s favour and from his own domain. Thus, he offered the following response: ‘Everything you ask from me other than this, dear brother-in-law, I will freely provide and, if ever the opportunity arises for doing what you ask, I will not refuse. But my lords retainers are with me and they would not suffer such things [senioris mei satellites(!)]. And, if this were revealed, my life and all that I possess would be endangered.’ When Boleslav heard this message, he put the messengers under guard and ordered his army to hasten to the Elbe. He hollowed them, the next morning, after the character of the fords had been determined. At the burg Strehla, because it was his daughter’s morning gift, he declared that the occupants had nothing to fear from him but that they should not try to warn their neighbors by crying out. Without delay, the duke ordered the army to divide into four parts and reconvene in the evening at the burg Zehren. Two detachments were sent ahead to ensure that they would not be troubled by the margrave. In one day, the whole fertile region of Lommatzsch was ravaged with fuire and sword and had its inhabitants abducted.”
Chapter 37 [1003]
“Here, it might be recalled how Boleslav Chrobry who was so often accustomed to deceive others was himself fooled by the garrison of the citadel of Muegeln. When they were besieged by the detachment sent against them they asked: ‘Why are you doing this? We know your lord to be the best and hold him above us. Just go on, and have no doubt that we will follow with our families and possessions.’ After they said these things their enemies ceased to harass them and reported to their lord that the garrison would arrive shortly. Nevertheless, when Duke Boleslav saw that his retainers arrived late at the agreed-upon spot, and that the garrison stayed at home, was very angry and threatened to punish this false allies. The next morning, at sun-up, a huge amount of booty was sent ahead. A large part of the enemy drowned in the Elbe, but the rest returned home uninjured and divided the booty, assigning the best parts to God and their lord. There were at least three thousand captives and eye witnesses have said that the actual number was still larger.”
Chapter 38 [1003]
“Margrave Henry, now perceiving that he had failed, hurried to the burg Kronach where he found Siegfried, the young son of Count Siegfried, who awaited him with aid. Siegfried saw no hope of a rebellion in those parts, whether at his own or Henry’s instigation. At last, after they had talked for a long time, Henry set the burg on fire and, together with lord Bruno and his remaining supporters, went to Boleslav the invader of Bohemia. Siegfried, his hope of open resistance frustrated, did not go with them, but instead returned, intent on making amends fro what he had done. The king had followed his enemy to Kronach and was pleased to see that he had taken the trouble to destroy everything. Then he sent Bishop Henry of Wuerzburg and Erkanbald, abbot of Fulda, to burn and destroy the burg Schweinfurt. When they arrived, Margrave Henry’s illustrious mother, Eila, received and greeted them, as was proper for such persons. As soon as she understood the nature of the king’s orders, she became agitated and hurried to the church, declaring that she would rather die in the flames than cooperate in the burning of this building by departing alive. Hence, the previously mentioned lords, putting aside secular concerns in favour of the love of Crhist, modified the punishment and merely pulled down the walls and outbuildings. They also mollified the sorrowful woman with the promise that they would themselves restore everything, whenever the king’s favour permitted.”
“After he had restated all the count’s property and distribute it along with his benefice, the king went to Bamberg where he dismissed his army and celebrated the birth of the Mother of God with joyful festivities [8 September]. From thence he went to the forest of Spessart and relaxed from the labour of the expedition with the pleasure of the hunt. Having passed a pleasant autumn there, he travelled through Franconia to Saxony where he announced that he would undertake an expedition against the Milzeni during the upcoming winter. After this, he celebrated the birth of the Lord at Poehlde with spiritual and secular splendor, according to the custom of his predecessors.”
Chapter 39 [1004]
“…The king granted this and the prelate, traveling in a wagon as was his cutom, went to his estate at Trebra where he departed from this world after two days, on 25 January.”
Chapter 44 [1004]
“…Whatever he demanded from his most beloved Tagino, he received as a gift from his abundant good will. Concerning the bishoprics of Meissen and Zeitz, he ordered a complete restoration, by royal power, because in this instance the earlier situation could justify the removal. Therefore, I will compose a reface and sing songs of Christ with these verses.”
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